// SECTOR_ANALYSIS

Academic

Transforming complex academic research and educational frameworks into engaging learning experiences. We specialize in EdTech content, university branding, and research translation.

Technical Report of Data Analytics in Hospitality

Hospitality industry which includes several other sectors such as Travel and tourism Industry, Food and Beverage industry and recreational

Hospitality industry Technical

Marijuana is safer than alcohol

In the United States of America, Marijuana(Cannabis) is illegal under federal law by Controlled substances act of 1970

CNN HealthACADEMIC

Battle Of Wanat Of Afghanistan

Nuristan is a province of an extremely complicated topography that is inhabited by small agricultural communities

WAIGAL VALLEYHISTORY

Art Of Negotiation

A negotiation is a form of decision making where ideas are exchanged for the purpose of influencing others.

BUSINESS Negotiation

Increasing Suicidal Tend.

Suicide is one of the most challenging causes that increase the number of deaths over the years, especially in the students.

EDUCATION Students

PR in McDonald

A good and efficient team of Public Relation makes a company success to achieve their business goal establishing a good and healthy relationship with the customers.

MC DONALDS PR

Land Ethic & Deep Ecology

Aldo Leopold set forth his most enduring idea, an environmental ethics theory called "Land ethics," in A Sand County Almanac.

Ethics Ecology

Learn patience

The word patience itself is derived from the word pati, which means to endure or to suffer. Patience is the control over your emotions and

Control Patience

Nature And The Envior?

Nature heals, relieves, and connects our mind and body. Nature is proven to be useful in treating many mental and depressive disorders such

NATURE ENVIRONMENT

ARTICLE REVIEW PUBLISHED 2013 · CNN HEALTH AUTHOR: DAN RIFFLE

Technical Report of Data Analytics in Hospitality

// Executive Summary

Hospitality industry which includes several other sectors such as Travel and tourism Industry, Food and Beverage industry and recreational and leisure industry like spas, clubs, theme parks, historical landmarks and museums is seen one of the fastest and largest growing industries in the World. It has major impact on global economy and encompasses 266 million jobs which directly contributes 9.5% of GDP (Gross domestic product) globally.

Many other developing countries have seen continued economic growth which creates potential in future for expansion and investment by foreign institutional investors. Hotel and tourism sector serves as an economic booster for country’s economy and generates large revenue for governments and organization. It has highest employment potential with 90 jobs creation per 10 lakhs of investment. It is also significant source of foreign exchange for the country.

// Table of Contents

➥ Introduction
➥ Current status of hospitality Sector
➥ Issues faced by industry
➥ Conclusion
➥ Threats faced by Hospitality industry
➥ Recommendations to minimize the threats
➥ References

// Introduction

The hospitality industry is often consider for providing luxury service and needs an extra income. Basically that means for a well performing hospitality sector in an particular region requires a good economic growth along with positive GDP growth. The hospitality industry contributes $3.14 Trillion to global economy every year. It was responsible for generating 3 millions jobs in the year 2018 up by 1,60,000 from year 2015. Hotels spend an average of 33% of revenue on labor costs. The global hotel industry which is now worth USD 525 Billions consisting of total 18 million rooms in which 54% of rooms are affiliated to global international branded chains, which was earlier 50% for year 2012 and 46% were independent Hotels.

The top five hotel brands accounts for almost 25% of the market share which was 19% for a year 2012. 10% of total global workforce is employed by the tourism industry which is now worth almost $1.6 trillion globally. Hotel industry almost employed 173 million people globally and 25-30% of total revenue are generated from increased wages in hospitality industry.

Number of properties owned by leading hotel brands and chains

// Current status of hospitality Sector

According to data, there were transactions of around 85 Billion dollars in Hotel industry worldwide, in which $46 Billion dollars were single asset transactions. For year 2018, retail value of global hotel industry as crossed USD 500 Billions generating a total revenue of USD 200 Billions in USA alone. Travel and tourism industry which is now 10% worth of global GDP in which hotel industry along with Food and beverages industry accounts for half of it.

For year 2019, Europe had highest occupancy rate of 72.2% along with Asia pacific region having second highest occupancy rate of 69.3 %. Hospitality sector was worst hit by recession of 2008 during which occupancy rate of America falling to 54.7%, while other region managing to stay above 60%. The ADR of hotel room rose from $124 to $129.78 between year 2015 to 2018 from which RevPAR was $85.96 up by 2.9% annually in US. The countries with highest average daily rate are Geneva, Switzerland with ADR of around $308.

// Discussion

Lower occupancy rates indicates the need to halt the development of new hotels as this will decreases profits and revenue. The largest direct contribution of travel and tourism sector to the GDP is USD 580.7 Billion in US, followed by China with USD 403 Billion dollars.

Leisure tourism spending from year 2001 to 2019 (In billion US dollars)

// Issues faced by industry:

One of the biggest challenges this sector is going to face is oversupply of hotel rooms. Along with Occupancy rate, the performance in hospitality sector also depends on average daily rate and revenue per available room. Globally, for most of the year occupancy rate remains between 50 -80%.

Also Price creep is constant issue faced by the hotel owners as the economy improves which results in tight labor and increased wages, as the occupancies increases it requires high labor which directly results into less profits.

World oil markets also have significant affect on hotel industry as rising oil prices stunt the growth in hospitality sector but drop in oil prices doesn’t have an opposite effect.

// Conclusion

Global hospitality industry are expected to which were generating approx $147.57 Billion in 2018 is expected to generate around $211.54 Billion by 2026. The expected revenue amount for 2020 is $383 Billion in hotel industry.

An expected revenue growth between year 2020 to 2023 is 4.1% which will result in market volume of around US $ 432 Billion. In 2018, the well known hotel Marriott International and it’s chain had generated approximately 20.8 billion U.S. dollars in sales revenue. This was entirely more than the double of the sales revenue of any other hotel firm or company in the ranking.

Currently, the average revenue generated per user is around $333.86. The hospitality industry including travel and tourism and hotel industry contributed total $ 8.81 trillion U.S. dollars to the global economy in 2018. Currently, The total contribution of specifically the travel and tourism industry to the global economy is approximately around 9.31 Trillion USD and also the total number of international tourists arrivals throughout the world was 1,323 Millions. Total global international revenue generation by tourism and travel sector is 1.45 Trillion USD. International Total expenditure of United states 144 Billion USD. Global hotel industry is worth around 600 billion USD for year 2019.

// Threats faced by various Hospitality industries:

➥ The Sharing Economy: In these recent years everyone have seen a spike in sites. Sites like Airbnb, Homestay, HomeAway and HouseTrip.
➥ Continuously Changing Consumer Demands
➥ Shortage of Experienced Personnel
➥ Consumer Perception of Risk.
➥ There is uncertainty in various International Travel.
➥ Guest-Focused type of a Technology.
➥ New Regulations by government and Political unrest
➥ Economic Turndowns

// Recommendations to minimize the threats

➥ By maintaining emergency fund of liquid capital as recovery for an unexpected losses and also by prioritizing effective and sustainable marketing.
➥ By Maintaining a proper reserve fund of liquid capital one can minimize the threats in this industry, also it can be done by offering some insurance against the adverse political situations which in most cases are resolved within few weeks. Also, Hotel owners with sufficient capital can cope up with local threats by diversifying across the wider geographic locations, so that losses in one area due to a regional factors like weather conditions and political unrest can be compensated by profits made in other region.
➥ Hotels can protect themselves from new technologies such as Airbnb by forming trade associations which had put outright ban on services provided by Airbnb and OYO like platforms.

// References

☞ Deloitte (2019), Hospitality Industry Employment Statistics retrieved from https://financesonline.com/hospitality-statistics/
“An Overview of The Hotel industry – It’s definition, Segments, Types & Aspects”
retrieved from https://www.soegjobs.com/overview-hotel-industry sectors-segments-aspects/
“The Current State of the Hospitality Industry”
(2018) retrieved from https://medium.com/aqua-intelligence/the-current-state-of-the-hospitality-industry-700fd4a148e7

ARTICLE REVIEW PUBLISHED 2013 · CNN HEALTH AUTHOR: DAN RIFFLE

Marijuana is safer than alcohol

// Abstract

In the United States of America, Marijuana(Cannabis) is illegal under federal law by Controlled substances act of 1970. Under this act, marijuana is classified as a scheduled I substance, which has a high potential for abuse and no significant medical use. The current paper is aimed at analyzing the article “Marijuana is safer than alcohol” which is published on Cable News Network (CNN). The studies presented in the article demonstrated that Marijuana is less harmful than alcohol in all aspects including fewer long-term health consequences. This paper concentrates on the legality of marijuana in the United States of America and how it is less harmful than currently legal drugs like alcohol. Marijuana is universally available and accessible to anyone and is used by almost half of the Americans at some point in their lives.

// Background

Using the information from various approved researches done by the Institute of Medicine and Center of diseases control, the author argues that marijuana is a lot safer than alcohol and other legal drugs.

// Critique

The key points addressed in this article are how regulating marijuana would make America a safer and healthier nation by preventing profits from going to murderous drug cartels which are responsible for fueling violence that has claimed more than 60,000 in Mexico. One suggestion is to regulate the sales and cultivation of marijuana which will take it away from criminals and drug dealers and put it under licensed businesses. Those businesses will be subjected to sensible rules and regulations including restrictions on Advertising, Investment options and operational criteria. Other appropriate recommendations will be developed keeping in mind the interest and well being of people especially younger generations and government.

// Theoretical Value of the Article

The theoretical value of the article is the attention it draws to various issues due to the illegality of marijuana, which has proven to be a disastrous public policy just like alcohol prohibition in the 1930s. During Alcohol Prohibition, many barrels of illegally produced imported alcohol were busted and raided, but anyone who wanted to drink had no problem in finding one as the result it empowered criminals who use to supply it. Alcohol is even far more dangerous than marijuana as excessive alcohol consumption comes third in lifestyle-related causes of death. Also, annual medical health costs associated with an alcohol drinker is eight times greater than that of a marijuana user.

Marijuana overdose doesn’t cause death and also it does have fewer long term health consequences. 40% of violent crimes are linked to alcohol use whereas marijuana users usually doesn’t commit such crimes. Alcohol use has increased by 61% of more emergency room visits in 2015 as compared with 2006. By prohibiting marijuana we are encouraging people to use alcohol which is easily available, more harmful and dangerous legal drug,

In 2009, when Colorado's marijuana industry exploded, the state put all kind of regulation to control it, youth drug use increased drastically from 2009- 2011, and then dropped below the national average. This proves that legalization of marijuana would not necessarily eliminate illegal production and sales of marijuana but it would certainly diminish its production dramatically. It will also help legalization, courts and law enforcement to focus more on serious violent crimes by reducing the unnecessary burden and eliminating the budget spend in controlling marijuana.

Another point being raised is how the prohibition of marijuana has lead to enrichment of lives of drug cartels and criminals which has made some cities of America like Chicago more prone to violence and crimes. As long as marijuana remains illegal all profits earned from sales will go directly to criminals and people using it would be continuously punished. The fact is Marijuana is universally available and those who want it will get it one way or another, all we get to decide either it will be a complete regulated legal system, where quantity, costs and everything will be abided by rules or completely illegal system dominated by criminal and drug deals and suppliers.

Also, it has to lead to government spending more than billions of dollars to prevent the use of marijuana in the country which has directly lead to long lines of probationers mostly minorities in courtrooms with convictions take would make it impossible for them to employment in future. It will cause high unemployment rates which will have a negative effect on the country’s economy. Almost 70% of what the US economy produces goes to the personal consumption and unemployed workers, which directly reduces the GDP( Gross domestic product).

// An Evaluation of the Reading

The entire article is written with the interests of the people and the welfare of the nation. It addresses the various factors by which prohibition of marijuana has proven to have a negative impact than the presumed result which was expected to be achieved. The main goal of marijuana prohibition was to suppress and decrease its use. Prohibition has lead to increase in price, low availability which was supposed to reduce the number of potential users which has not happened so due to fact that people were easily able to find it who wanted to use it and cost of enforcement of marijuana laws has cost us more than it was worth.

Though, Marijuana is considered addictive but no more than alcohol. Research has proven that 1in 6 people who start using the drug before the age of 18 get addicted and 1 of 10 adults who use this drug gets addicted. Also, due to an increase in demand, the concentration of THC in marijuana has risen significantly by 3 times over the last 25 years. Higher THC amount has a stronger effect of the brain and it is responsible for marijuana. related emergency room visits. THC has been increased by illegal means to increase dependency and addiction to the drug. It was also found that legislation of marijuana in several states where it was introduced, had decreased the cases of opioid overdoses by 25%.

It was also found that to treat many ailments such as pain, depression and anxiety. Legalization of marijuana will also lead to a reduction in the smuggling of marijuana across Mexico border, which will directly reduce the activity of drug trafficking organizations and gangs along with violence which they use to control the market.

According to the analysis, Arguments made by the author in this article are quite strong that support the legalization of marijuana for the well being of society and the welfare of the nation. Thus, from this analysis, we can conclude that Legalization of marijuana for medical and recreational use has reduced the drunk driving, violent and property-related crimes, reduction in consumption of other harmful drugs such as opioids as patients substitute them with marijuana, which is less harmful and customers substituting illicit marijuana for legal marijuana.

BATTLE OF WANAT OF AFGHANISTAN PUBLISHED XXX · WAIGAL VALLEY AUTHOR:

Battle Of Wanat Of Afghanistan History Of Waigal Valley

// Introduction

Nuristan is a province of an extremely complicated topography that is inhabited by small agricultural communities. It is considered remote, distinct, and primitive even by Afghanistan's standard. The Waigal valley extends across thirty kilometers along Wagiyal River, from the Hindu Kush mountains of the south until it joins the Pech River valley at Nangalam. Pech river combines with the Kunar river in Asadbabad. The area is roughly surrounded by many small river valleys, which are separated by steep mountain ridges around the area of 10,000 feet. (Introduction Notes on Terminology, n.d.)

Waigal Valley comes under two Afghan Provinces, namely Nuristan to North and Kunar Province, to the south. The Waigal valley is a rocky, deep, narrow and steep-sided V-shaped valley, due to which it is one of the most topographically forbidding operating environments in the world. The Waigal valley is dominated by two ethnolinguistic population groups, namely the Nuristanis to the north and Safi Pashtuns to the south. The majority of communities are isolated, and relationships between them are extremely complex due to rugged mountainous terrains. The People of Wagiyal valley referred themselves as Kalasha and are mostly dependent on pastoral and dairy activities for their survival. These Kafirs isolate themselves in compact settlements in locations inaccessible and surrounded by vast tracks of rugged lands with paths and routes for principal means of defense for small populations. (Introduction Notes on Terminology, n.d.)

The Battle of Wanat was fought between 200 Taliban insurgents and American troops, who were stationed near Quam, in the Wagiyal district of Afghanistan's far eastern Nuristan province in the year 2008. The positions were defended by following United States army soldiers, namely 2nd Platoon, Chosen Company, 2nd battalion, 503rd infantry regiment, and 173rd Airborne Brigade Combat Team.

Combat Outpost was small, a remote outpost in the northeast part of Afghanistan, adjacent to the village of Wanat in Nuristan province, protected and guarded by 48 soldiers of U.S Army and 24 ANA (Afghanistan national army ) soldiers along with three Marine Corps advisors. It was attacked by a large number of Taliban insurgents on July 13, 2008, by using techniques such as stealth camouflage, communication discipline, and quick movements over rough mountainous terrains to establish their position close to COP's perimeter. Weapons used by attacking forces were coordinated rocket-propelled grenades (RPGs), mortar barrages, small arms, and heavy machine-gun fire to inflict heavy causalities on the post. There were several casualties, including the death of nine U.S soldiers and 27 U.S and four ANA soldiers were wounded. The United States has reported to killed 21 Taliban fighters. After this, Wanat was abandoned soon.

// Challenges faced by U.S Troops in Afghanistan were:

One of the biggest challenges faced by the U.S was protecting civilians from the attack of Taliban insurgents. To overcome this challenge, security forces i.e., Police forces and Foreign military forces, work together in proximity with the community to protect them from threats of Taliban insurgents. It has proven an effective strategy by deploying small units and reinforced platoons in town and cities to protect the local population, which has resulted in the weakening of insurgency in the country.

This strategy was implied by U.S security forces to secure the village at Wanat, located at the heart of Waygul valley, which also serves as the main supply route (MSR) for Nuristan Province. Therefore, it was essential for the 173rd Airborne Brigade Combat Team (BCT) to gain its hold over COP, which was accomplished by going through an extensive negotiation with Local village leaders. After several months, COP was occupied by coalition forces with less than ideal minimal requirements it had at that time, which includes ground routes for vehicles ingress and egress along with at least a single ship (Helicopter and Landing Zone ) for air ingress and egress.

Also, United States dispersed roughly 95,000 the U.S and 48,000 coalition troops into small garrisons to protect the population of around 29 million people.

// Sequence Of Bloodiest Taliban Attacks Of War

On July 13, 2008, at 4:20 am, around 100 Taliban insurgents coordinately attacked against Security forces at COP Kahler. It was a surprise attack with almost no warning, they surrounded the remote base and its observation post, attacking it from Quam and surrounding farmland with RPGs, heavy machine guns, mortars and small arms. It was the first stage of the attack, in which they destroyed the long-range sensors, heavy weapons and vehicles, to prevent any escapes of forces. War continued for almost 9 hours and came to an end only after the tactical air strikes from AH-64 Apache helicopters and Predator unmanned aircraft drone armed with hellfire, within the danger close range with friendly forces. B-1B Lancer bomber seals the battle from north to prevent any insurgent reinforcements and other A-10, F-15E strike eagle aircraft were called in. U.S Army soldiers were resupplied by UH-60 Black hawk with fire support from AH64 Apache. Direct support artillery was used to fire five missions at target points to North West of COP.

The engagement which occurred on July 13, 2008, at COP Khaler was an American tactical victory, where less than fifty American soldiers along with a small contingent of around two dozen ANA soldiers defended determined, carefully planned and coordinated attack of 150 heavily armed, disciplined insurgent. Who attacked with nearly perfect tactical intelligence to achieve total operational surprise. (Perspectives on the Battle of Wanat challenges Facing small Unit Operations in Afghanistan,n.d.)

COP Kahler was abandoned within 48 hrs at CJTF-101 orders even though they were not prepared to sustain such heavy casualties from vicious and aggressive enemy assault e particularly this close to the end of their deployment. Evacuation of COP Kahler resulted in total abandonment of the Waigal Valley by American forces and complete withdrawal of any American presence, which resulted in significant IO victory for ACM ( Anti-Coalition Militia) and loss of face of honor for Americans. Coalition forces in Waigal valley were abandoned their fate as Restoring coalition presence in the Waigal Valley, and interrupting these ACM lines of communications and logistics, will require years of sustained sacrifice and labor. (South, 2018).

After the War, a post-attack analysis was done in which it was noted that ANA and U.S forces were not secured against any external attack. It was due to various reasons such as inaccurate intelligence, strained relations with the local population, insufficient weapon supplies, and extremely isolated and steep mountainous terrain. Also, because of the remote location of COP Kahler, resupply and reinforcement by ground and air was a hazardous and difficult task. There were many advantages that Taliban insurgents had over security forces such as high ground for looking at overall activities of COP. Taliban attacking forces had also left many signatures behind them, such as the movement of enemy from COP, Camp Bella to Wanat area, weapon influx to the village and nearby area, the interaction between insurgents with the local population. The efforts by the local population to cover their tracks, movement, and preparation of enemy forces a night before the attack and coordination signals before the attack happened. Also, the tactical warning was given only a few minutes before the attack.

It was later concluded by COP Keating, the importance of high-level intelligence and early warnings. Long Range high-resolution sensors are essential to provide such tactical information, to prepare and plan well for an attack.

After the attack, they provide certain improvements to prevent an attack like these from happening in the future, such as developing a control catering charge that facilitates the preparation of defensive positions where collateral damage is of great concern. Aerial surveillance with Organic UAS, aerostats and tall towers can provide surveillance over a large area along with field view for identification, tracking, and targeting,

Along with the availability of Tactical information and early warning, it is also important to provide units with an ability to fully exploit this information with the help of tactical weapons and firepower alternatives such as high accurate direct fire, beyond the line of sight of weapons, indirect fire systems, the high volume of fire such as automated miniguns and controlled thermobaric weapons. 9 Perspectives on the Battle of Wanat challenges Facing small Unit Operations in Afghanistan, n.d)

// References

☞ Perspectives on the Battle of Wanat challenges Facing small Unit Operations in Afghanistan (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.rand.org/content/dam/rand/pubs/occasional_papers/2011/RAND_OP329z1.pdf
“Introduction Notes on Terminology. (n.d.).”
retrieved from https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/special/world/battle-of-wanat/correspondence/documents/2-Army-Historians-Report.pdf sectors-segments-aspects/
☞ ‌South, T. (2018, August 10). This leader in a key Afghanistan battle will be honored with a West Point valor award. Retrieved April 21, 2020, from Army Times website:https://www.armytimes.com/news/your-army/2018/08/02/this-leader-in-a-key-afghanistan-battle-will-be-honored-with-a-west-point-valor-award

Art Of Negotiation AUTHOR: Ojesvi Singh

Art Of Negotiation

// Introduction

A negotiation is a form of decision making where ideas are exchanged for the purpose of influencing others. It is an art of reaching a common understanding and agreement with some terms and conditions through persuasion, power or bargaining. Negotiation is a way of resolving conflicting aims and objectives in an acceptable and non-violent manner. During negotiations, we discuss essentials factors and other practical possibilities of action with awareness, common sense, tact and judgment. Negotiations are used in business and contracting process for bargaining with sellers on essentials such as delivery, specifications, prices and terms. Both parties discuss in detail about the contract before committing to the terms in legal writing. They are set up so that both parties involved meet their business concerns and objective, through an understanding and compromise. (Zohar, 2015)

Communication is the process of interacting with each other through verbal, non-verbal and physical ways. All these types of communication are used for negotiations such as oral communication include both expressive and receptive communication like reading, writing, listening and speaking. Non-verbal communication mostly consists of all kind of body languages such as facial expressions, posture, tone, gestures and involuntary physical responses. Physical communication includes all sorts of visual aids such as videos, movies as it has a profound impact on the audience for a longer time. It also reinforces the main idea to reach the audience more effectively and makes them ponder on it. Therefore, negotiation is communicating, which means that verbal and non-verbal communication should be the point in the same direction; it should not confuse the other person. That is, what you say should match with what you mean. (Zohar, 2015),

Visual aids are a form of physical communication, though non-verbal and verbal communication is essential, we should not neglect the old saying that the power of a single picture is worth a thousand words. Visual aids clarify the seller's position by providing emphasis on what being said, which directly increases the audience level of understanding and helps sellers meet their objective by creating excitement and reinforcing messages. Sellers use many visual aids such as brochures, catalogues and websites in presales to attract them. After buyers show interest in various visual aids like detailed proposals, charts, graphs and other illustrations is used to relate quality and quantity included an opening negotiating position. Then the seller can seek to land an opportunity by presenting proposal through visual aids like presentations, easel pads, charts, flow charts, handouts, prototypes, models and videos. As negotiation progress, so should the materials and visuals aids and update the current negotiation position from seller's point of view.

Both Personality of an individual and organization which it represents to affect the negotiation process. The environment is also an essential factor in the negotiation process as behind every person there is an environment in which grew and lived in. Personality is the representation of a whole person their attitude, their living style and everything it is a set of unique qualities that differentiates them from others. While considering Personality, it becomes vital for us to know how a person functions as a recognizable entity with distinctive traits, drives attitudes and habits which act as a barrier while adapting to the environment. During negotiations, personalities of individuals are one of the most significant elements of successful negotiation. When representing any organization, personalities are bound or overshadowed by the limitations of authority delegated to the negotiator representation of an agency.

While preparing for negotiations, both buyers and sellers should take specific steps, such as buyers should include financial and technical representatives, to represent the particular aspects of the contract.

They should be familiar with solicitation and facts and buying team should include buyers, price analyst, technical expert and an additional six to eight subject area specialists. The team must support the objectives and goals of the negotiation and ensure proposal should meet solicitation requirements. Strategies and tactics should be shared and followed meeting price objective. Each member should understand their role in negotiation.

Sellers should include those who are familiar with their company, products and goods and services as well are should be able to develop strategy and themes for responding to anticipated requirement expected in the solicitation. The team members should include project managers, project engineer, contract manager and pricing manager, including some specialist related to contract statement. The negotiation team should emphasize on essential areas of performance and functional areas of the company involving the contract.

Tactics are actions by each party in negotiation taken in order to reach desired objectives and goals whereas strategy is a master plan or blueprint formed by involving which must be followed to reach an agreement that is beneficial to all parties involved. The strategy helps in reducing in chances of potential conflicts, thus improving professional relationships and building environment of trust and confidence. (Zohar, 2015).

A negotiation compromises of three stages, namely fact-finding, negotiation and bargaining. The first stage is gathering all information related to the organization, their interests, objectives which they want to achieve through this contract. The second stage is a negotiation which is creating a proposal by applying the collected information in such a way that both parties are equally benefitted from it. And the third stage is bargaining which negotiating with terms and conditions to reach a mutual agreement at the end of the negotiation process.

There is a significant difference between bargaining and negotiation. Negotiation is exploratory in nature a fact-finding way of being comfortable and building a rapport. It is all about sharing and analyzing factual information, forming opinions and discussing it with others to reach mutual agreement and common conclusion. It’s a win-win situation for both parties which can be achieved by compromising and reaching a middle ground. Bargaining is all about a resolution to stick to the polarity between thoughts. It is a period for exerting influence, playing power cards and showing assertiveness to achieve their objectives.

Problems in negotiation are in the form of at least three types of conflict, namely inter-group disputes, intragroup conflicts and interpersonal conflict. Intergroup conflict is when negotiators are agents of negotiating parties and are not interpersonally related to them. For example in staff conferences in military and industrial organizations, participants are explicitly representing positions and goals of the particular organization, which means that problem of two negotiation teams doesn’t encompass full range negotiation of the situation.Intra-group conflict is a type of negotiation that goes between team members for establishing a team's negotiation position on various issues. This type of negotiation occurs between different functional groups of an organization for the purpose of establishing a company's policies and procedures involving similar conflicts. Intragroup conflicts are more personal and require cooperative behaviour during negotiation, whereas intergroup negotiation is more formal as it both parties represent their organization as a whole.

There are four phases of negotiating team in which the first phase of the business development process is solicitation and proposal phase. It requires defining needs of buyer through solicitation, which would include all the details of requirements. Whereas, the seller prepares a proposal in response to the solicitation, which consists of a complete copy of all data to support the proposal.

The second phase is the negotiation phase in which both parties negotiate and complete a negotiation settlement in a few days. It starts with fact-finding and analyzing data submitted with proposals and ends with signing a law binding agreement by both parties completing this phase. The third phase is the implementation of a negotiation agreement which includes preparing an internal budget, paperwork and negotiating costs. The fourth phase is the management of contract performance which will last till completion of the contract. The contract management team is formed, which will be responsible for proposal preparation, negotiation and implementation of a subsequent contract.

// References

☞ Zohar, I. (2015). “The Art of Negotiation” Leadership Skills Required for Negotiation in Time of Crisis. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 209, 540–548. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2015.11.285

Increasing Suicidal Tendency In Students Over The Years AUTHOR: Ojesvi Singh

Increasing Suicidal Tendency In Students Over The Years

// Introduction

Suicide is one of the most challenging causes that increase the number of deaths over the years, especially in the students. According to the studies conducted over the years, suicide is the second-leading cause of death for those between the ages of 15 and 24. Researches also show that 915 people who died due to suicide were facing one or the other clinical mental illness, that if were taken care of in time, could have avoided the suicide.

WHO, 2017 report states that an average of 800,000 people dies by suicide worldwide every year. In India, at least one student commits suicide every hour in 2019, based on the latest report represented by National Crime Records Bureau. Moving ahead National Crime Records Bureau (NCRB) shows that 10,159 students died by suicide in 2018, an increase from 9,905 in 2017 and 9,478 in 2016.

The facts are shocking, but with the increasing pressure in academic or performance-related high expectations, the students are more prone to anxiety and depression. The lack of an understanding of the various symptoms, mainly those linked to the clinical signs of mental illness like depression, anxiety, suicidal ideation, suicidal behavior, and other risk factors, has led to an increase in the trend to a great extent.

Adolescents, basically between the ages of 15-24, have intense feelings of stress, confusion, self-doubt, and financial uncertainty, which forces them to have low or impaired relationships, mood swings, struggling in communication, and even substance abuse. The extent of time the student is prone to such situations, the chances of the increase of suicidal tendency, making this cause and effect relationship a positive ended one.

Again for the students living far from the family in the boarding schools, the raging has been seen as a prominent factor for suicide apart from the ones discussed above. According to data with the University Grants Commission (UGC), between 2012 and July 2019, 54 ragging-related suicide incidents have occurred across the country.

The suicides are not just confined to students only but to a more significant population overall. Various socio-economic, cultural, and psychological aspects provoke suicidal tendencies and lead a student to decide to act upon the same. Taking the appropriate steps that help develop positive thoughts and allow students to move towards better mental well-being with the parents and learning at educational institutions can help reduce suicidal behavior.

Timely identification and prevention of the factors that increase mental illnesses and suicidal tendencies with mental health-promoting programs that enhance young people’s self-esteem, reduce psychological distress, and boost personal well-being are the keys to success. A social and public health response concerning a learned approach towards the mental health response is crucial to prevent suicidal behavior in India.

A brief case study on one activity of PR in McDonald AUTHOR: Ojesvi Singh

A brief case study on one activity of PR in McDonald

// Critical analysis and effectiveness of PR activities of McDonald

A good and efficient team of Public Relation makes a company success to achieve their business goal establishing a good and healthy relationship with the customers. McDonald also is not an exception of it (Cardwell et al., 2017). A strong and well-trained team of PR is belonged to this company and it establishes McDonald as one of the most successful organizations in the world.

However, McDonald’s logo has a great impact on the effectiveness of its PR activities. The brand image as well as the logo of McDonald makes the company outstanding and attractive to its customers. As a result, more customers are attracted to it and the company achieves a large number of genuine customers within a short span of time (Edwards, 2016). In fact, the history says that the development of PR activities of McDonald is older the advertising styles of the company. It is found that in the year 1995 the spokesperson of McDonald was Ronald McDonald and he also played the role of ambassador of the children goodwill.

At present days McDonald efficiently utilizes the advantage of social media to maintain and develop a healthy and strong public communication between the company and its consumers. The blogs and websites of the company are efficiently used for bringing a change in perception. It is the fact that nutrition is a vital and non-avoidable part of regular food as well as the fast food. Because of it, the PR of McDonald is always aware of this matter (Kriyantono, 2017).in previous days the bloggers had no opportunity to ask the authority of McDonald anything about the nutrition of McDonald’s foods (Edwards, 2016). But nowadays the company has launched option like “better for you” through which the bloggers enable to communicate with the organization and as a result of it, the perceptions of them about the company and its foods have been changed gradually. McDonald’s experimental components have thus successfully built up the different views of the bloggers by developing a heathy online communication with them. Such a bridge of communication between the consumers and the company McDonald has helped the company a lot to improve their public relations.

Nowadays, the globalization makes the people awake even in late night. That is why people of Malaysia really need foods at that time. McDonald’s 24 hours service helps the Malaysian to get the food during a short span of time which has positively helped the company to build a strong relationship with the customers. The online food delivery service maintaining their punctuality attracts the people more to the foods of McDonald.

Malaysia is a nation that is officially belonged to the Muslims. Therefore, the company has to abide the Syariat law. According to this law, the served foods need to be halal and pork free and McDonald strictly follows this law. For this reason, McDonald has easily won the minds of the Malaysians and also has been able to make a strong public relation with the local people.

// References

☞ Cardwell, L.A., Williams, S. and Pyle, A., 2017. Corporate public relations dynamics: Internal vs. external stakeholders and the role of the practitioner. Public Relations Review, 43(1), pp.152-162.
☞Edwards, L., 2016. The role of public relations in deliberative systems. Journal of communication, 66(1), pp.60-81.
☞ Kriyantono, R., 2017. Do the different terms affect the roles? A measurement of excellent and managerial role of business and government public relations practices in Indonesia. International Journal of Applied Business and Economic Research, 15(6), pp.193-209.
☞ Geremew, C.T., 2017. The practices and challenges of public relations within two Ethiopian Towns: Harar and Dire Dawa.African Research Review, 11(1), pp.136-155.
☞Russell, K.M. and Lamme, M.O., 2016. Theorizing public relations history: The roles of strategic intent and human agency.Public Relations Review, 42(5), pp.741-747.

Land Ethic & Deep Ecology AUTHOR: Ojesvi Singh

Land Ethic & Deep Ecology

// Land Ethic & Deep Ecology

Aldo Leopold set forth his most enduring idea, an environmental ethics theory called "Land ethics," in A Sand County Almanac. Though Aldo Leopold is the founder of this theory, it is Baird Callicott, who is considered the most prominent, contemporary exponent of the Land Ethic. Leopold worked for US Forest service that was led by a conservationist named Gifford Pinchot, who launched the campaign to protect the forest from wildfires to preserve trees for the lumber industry. They believed that forests and land should be preserved and managed for the well being of people. They also protected farmers and ranchers from predators such as bears, wolves, and deer so that they don't eat up livestock and crops, which lead to the killing of many predators species. Leopold observed this and was disappointed with conservationist policies as these practices lead to the destruction of several interconnected ecosystems. These conservationist policies were not about preserving nature but about protecting the environment for their economic value. Killing predators leads to an increase in the population of other species such as rabbits, deer which can destroy habitat. Leopold studied the interrelationship between organisms and their habitat and views nature as an interconnected and interdependent. He found out about the preservation movement by John Muir, which wanted to protect the environment and stress on intrinsic value, not on its instrumental value to an economy.

A land ethic is a holistic environmental theory, which views nature as one wholly interconnected and interdependent system. According to the Land ethic principle, any idea and notion are right as long as it tends to preserve and protect the integrity and beauty of nature. It means that any plants and animals, including humans, if it threatens to damage the ecosystem, then it is permissible to remove and destroy them. Leopold uses the food pyramid to prove the interconnected and interdependent character of the biotic community. It starts with the land as a base, lead by plants, insects, birds, and rodents in sequential order.

Callicott took forward Aldo Leopold's idea of Land ethics by being inspired by Charles Darwin and David Hume. According to Darwin, human survival is achieved in groups and communities in the form of well-bonded nuclear families, not by isolated individuals. Moral Sentiments like love, affection, and care affects the performance and survival of human beings. As David Hume stated, moral sentiments are the foundation of ethics. Ethics is a set of rules and principles which govern the communal behavior. These sentiments bond tightly knitted families together, which later spills beyond to cousins and other close kins to form stable, permanent groups that work together to cooperatively defend themselves. As the situation changed and evolution occurred, we expand our bonds to include larger groups of people starting from families and communities to the nation, which has now lead to today's globalized world. In today's world, we have extended our care to the whole world, though there are still some conflicts and wars between some countries. Nevertheless, we are together, and we help each other during disease and pandemics.

After this, our next step in the evolutionary process should be to extend our love, care, respect, and affection towards nature and the biotic community. Many environmental threats such as climate change, ozone layer depletion had made it necessary to change how we treat our environment. He also argues that we should show more concern to several species and give them more priority than others, such as we should prefer endangered species over overpopulated species and wild species over domestic species. Domestic species can't survive on their own in an independent environment, though he expresses his views to condemn the abuse of animals in factory farms.

According to Leopold and Callicott, on the basis of Land ethics stated that "Humans are no longer the conquerors of nature, but rather we are the equal part of the biotic community." Animal rights and liberation movement believed that individualistic concern for particular animals is far superior to the holistic approach to environmental ethics. Their views and principles were based on the moral consideration of life and living things. According to them, only living parts of nature, such as plants and animals, need to be conserved and deserve moral consideration; non-living elements such as rivers, lakes, and deserts do not deserve moral consideration.

Eco-centrism theory is based on the principle that all nature deserves moral consideration, including living and non-living parts of nature such as plants, animals, rivers, mountains, and oceans.

According to some critics, Land Ethics promotes Ecofascism, which requires the sacrifice of certain species like plants and animals for the betterment of the whole biotic community. They pointed out that as whitetail deer is very destructive to its habitat, so according to land ethics theory, it would be valid to kill them as they threaten other species, which would very wrong. Also, they argued that Humans pose the greatest threat to the integrity and stability of the biotic community, so it would require to exterminate the excess population to preserve nature. William Aiken, a land advocate, stated that "From the view of Land ethic, Massive human dieback would be good as it is our moral duty to eliminate 90% of our number". To which critics responded that the extermination of humans for the good of the biotic community would be morally wrong and barbaric.

Calicott responded to this criticism by clearing out these misunderstandings by claiming that land ethics just expands the circle of care to include land and habitats, but it already includes our moral duty towards humans. It means that land ethics do not override the moral responsibilities that we have towards humans that are we don't kill humans or any other living species. He also proposed two principles to deal with the conflict between Human and non-human interests and overcome ecofascism criticism that are:

☞More intimate, More intimate community obligations override more recent, less personal community obligations. This allows us to favor our obligations to other humans over duties to nature. Some people might feel more intimate with nature than humans, however.
☞Duties to protect vital interests override duties based on less vital or non-vital interests.

The most vital interest in life, while economic interests are less vital, and entertainment interests are non-vital. From this, we can conclude that though land theory promotes the stability and integrity of the biotic community, it can, however, lead to disruption of naturally occurring changes in an ecosystem.

Learn patience, why there is less of it AUTHOR: Ojesvi Singh

Learn patience, why there is less of it

// What is patience?

The word patience itself is derived from the word pati, which means to endure or to suffer. Patience is the control over your emotions and feelings under conditions such as anxiety, excitement, and grief. When anyone talks of patience, it seems to be a small deal, but it is much harder to practice then said. In our daily life, the life full of changes and ups and downs patience becomes something significant. We easily expect people around us to be patient but generally don't practice being one when it comes to us.

Why are we having this problem? The problem of being "impatient."

☞Lifestyle- the main reason I blame for us being so impatient is our lifestyle. The life we have these days is one in which we expect everything to be quick and fast. Everything these days either be it your way of communicating, your way of traveling, your way of eating, and it may sound funny, but yes, your way of sleeping even has got fast. We have changed so much that also we expect our pizza to be delivered within 30 minutes. People are in a hurry to get their jobs after finishing their education as soon as possible after they get a post from the first day at work, the target changes for a quick promotion. We are impatient because we expect things to be fast and easy for us, that is human nature nowadays.
☞Comparison- this not just a word, but it is the answer to everything that we do in this modern world. In these times when you get out for shopping, you don't just buy things at first glance usually. What you do is compare. Even a small child needs his new dress better as compared to his friend. This comparing of things creates pressure in your mind of gaining better facilities to be better than the other one and hence creates a feeling of impatience in you. For a small example, when you realize your neighbor has a significant and better car than what you have, this makes you wish for a better one than of his. Hence creating an atmosphere that makes you out of control with your emotions each time you think of the car thus creates impatience.
☞Expectations- something which is ruling our life is expectations. We expect many things which are not limited to us, but we also do expect with others in our lives. Relationships in my view these days are one of the best examples of this. People often expect their partners to be there for them every time they need them, they expect their partners to be according to what they imagine, and this is why 90% of relationships don't last long. We expect everything, and we expect everywhere, either it is your workplace or home. It ultimately creates an unsatisfactory and a disturbing feeling with your mind. Once you don't have your peace of mind, you become out of patience in everything you do as you want each of your life events to be perfect and as imagined by you.

How to learn the art of keeping patience?

☞The main problem with an individual being impatient is not realizing or accepting it. So instead of arguing with people on the topic and making a useless explanation, accept it by analyzing yourself
☞Compare but know what and when to compare. Comparing is something you can do even with the world’s richest man, but that would be illogical. One should always know the limits at different stages of his life. You can compare with the richest man but first, make a proper plan and become as efficient as him. It is a waste of time and shattering of hopes when you compare a fish with a bird on their ability to fly.
☞Stop expecting at all. Sometimes though, it is reasonable to expect of yourself but never do expect anything from others. This makes it easy for you to face the results of your tasks. It reduces the pressure which you had while you were dependent on others and creates a healthy and peaceful mind.
☞Try slowing down your fast life and take a day where you make patience as the main target of the day. Whenever you feel impatient, try to breathe slowly and think every action you do, try asking yourself questions about what is right or wrong.

// References

Finally, I will say patience is not a thing that you learn. It is an aspect of a healthy and disciplined life. A person who has patience in every work he does is always satisfied, and everyone in this greedy world needs only one thing that is satisfaction. Hence patience is a key to satisfaction.

HOW DO WE RELATE TO NATURE AND THE ENVIRONMENT?? AUTHOR: Ojesvi Singh

Study Nature, Love Nature, Stay close to nature. It will never fail you. Frank Lloyd Wright

// What is patience?

Nature heals, relieves, and connects our mind and body. Nature is proven to be useful in treating many mental and depressive disorders such as Attention deficit and hypersensitivity disorder (ADD) in adults and children. People with ADD are restless and distracted; interacting with nature left them in a calmer, relaxed, and focus state. It was also found that sitting indoors with natural views is more effective than playing outdoors with friends. Nature restores and replenishes our mental health, which is quite similar to how food and water restore our physical health. Being in touch with nature also helps us to boost serotonin levels, which activates the parts of the brain, which are responsible for empathy, love, and emotional stability. Nature, with its bright colors, different patterns, and strong fragrances induces positivity towards life and signifies that life can grow and nurture even in the toughest environment. It reminds us that we remain positive and happy even during our hardest times and can continuously grow through it. It relaxes and slows down our brain, which brings us a sense of peace and helps us to see problems with a positive outlook.

Being in a highly stressed environment leads to the production of high levels of cortisol by adrenal glands. This interferes with memory, learning weakens the immune system and bone density and disrupts brain development in children by triggering emotional problems, mental disorders, and affecting attention and inhibitory controls. Connection with nature helps increase our productivity and retention of memory. It has a soothing effect to focus on trees, greenery, and our surrounding as activates our all visual, auditory, olfactory, and sensory receptors. A long walk in nature reduces the functioning of the prefrontal cortex, part of the brain, which is responsible for repetitive, automatic thoughts and negative thoughts and emotion, therefore reducing activities in parts of the brain linked to depression. (Capaldi, Dopko, & Zelenski, 2014).

Nature is also beneficial in improving our mood, cognition, and health. The history between Humans and Nature goes long back. It has always been noted that humans have an inborn tendency to affiliate themselves to other living beings and have a particular attraction to life and living processes, which can be understood through an evolutionary perspective. As we all know, our ancestors use to live in forests and are well-tuned to the natural environment to sustain and survive. They were heavily dependent on nature for food, water, and shelter as they spent most of their evolutionary history in the natural environment. Therefore, those who were more connected to nature had an evolutionary advantage over all other species, which was proven to be beneficial and life-supporting. From this, we can clearly observe that gap between Nature and us; have kept on increasing from our ancestors to current modern society, in which we live. Our interaction with nature is minimum; for example, children are spending more time indoors as compared to the previous generation due to technology.

Also, for the first time in human history, it has occurred that most of the population lives in urban areas than rural areas, which had a negative impact on one's emotional and social well being. Nature has a calming effect on the human mind. It reduces anger, stress, fear, invokes pleasant feelings, and makes us feel better emotionally as well as contribute positively to our physical health by reducing blood pressure, heart rate, muscle tension, and production of stress hormones. It also relieves attention and mental fatigue, prevents burnout, and increases our creativity. Nature heals us and soothes our pain by distracting us from pain and discomfort. The differences in attitude, personalities, and behavior have been found in those who feel connected to nature; they are more kind, generous, and likely to promote sustainable actions and empathized with damage done to the environment due to careless human activities. (Bratman, Hamilton, & Daily, 2012).

Nature has a significant effect on the mood of the person. According to research, it was found that after spending time outside in natural surroundings, the mood has improved from depressed, anxious, and stressed to calm, balanced and positive mood. Research has also proven that viewing nature scenes activates empathy and love related parts of the brain, which inspires feelings and connects us and our environment. (Capaldi, Dopko, & Zelenski, 2014).

Along with these, it has always been found that a sense of connectedness is always positively associated with happiness. For example, People with rich social life tend to be happier, as compared to shy and introverted people. According to Aristotle, "Man is by nature a social animal," which means a person is always in need to have a sense of belonging to the world. Social exclusion is found to activate similar regions of the brain as physical pain. Positive changes in the brain and body occur when we are interacting with nature. That's why we should always be connected to nature and not exploits it for our gains. (“How Nature Can Make You Kinder, Happier, and More Creative,” 2016).

Also, imagining and visualizing the natural scene, which we find calming, has a similar impact on our brain as experiencing nature has. Therefore, Imagining can be a useful substitute in situations where experiencing nature is not possible. Guided imagery and visualization has its own benefits as we ignore unwanted things. It also reduces anxiety problems. Immersing in nature and completely forgetting ourselves in it calms our minds, and boosts our creativity. (Bratman, Hamilton, & Daily, 2012).

Many Natural therapies such as forest bathing employ healing effects of nature to benefit our mind, body, and soul. Nature is involved and suggested in many recoveries and rehabilitation therapies, such as alcohol detoxification and rehabilitation therapies.

We can conclude that there is a significant relationship between Nature and Man as nature proves to be beneficial for one's physical and mental well-being. There is a long association between Man and the environment as they are interdependent and balances an ecosystem. Therefore, we must preserve and conserve nature, not destroy it for our own personal gains.

// References

☞
Capaldi, C. A., Dopko, R. L., & Zelenski, J. M. (2014). The relationship between nature connectedness and happiness: a meta-analysis. Frontiers in Psychology, 5.
https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00976
☞
How Nature Can Make You Kinder, Happier, and More Creative. (2016). Retrieved from Greater Good website
https://greatergood.berkeley.edu/article/item/how_nature_makes_you_kinder_happier_more_creative
☞
Bratman, G. N., Hamilton, J. P., & Daily, G. C. (2012). The impacts of nature experience on human cognitive function and mental health. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1249(1), 118–136.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.2011.06400.x
☞
Environmental Pollution - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics. (2017). Retrieved from Sciencedirect.com website:
https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/earth-and-planetary-sciences/environmental-pollution